Remote sensing of snow and ice
نویسنده
چکیده
Monitoring of snow and ice on the Earth's surface will require increasing use of satellite remote sensing techniques. These techniques are evolving rapidly. Active and passive sensors operating in the visible, near infrared, thermal infrared, and microwave wavelengths are described in regard to general applications and in regard to specific USA or USSR satellites. Meteorological satellites (frequent images of relatively crude resolution) and Earth resources satellites such as Landsat (less frequent images of higher resolution) have been used to monitor the areal extent of seasonal snow, but problems exist with cloud cover or dense forest canopies. Snow mass (water equivalent) can be measured from a low-flying aircraft using natural radioactivity, but cannot yet be measured from satellite altitudes. A combination of active and passive microwave sensors may permit this kind of measurement, but not until more is known about radiation scattering in snow. Satellite observations are very useful in glacier inventories, correcting maps of glacier extent, estimating certain mass balance parameters, and monitoring calving or surging glaciers. Ground ice is virtually impossible to monitor from satellites; ice on rivers and lakes can be monitored only with very high-resolution sensors. Microwave sensors, due to their all-weather capability (the ability to see through clouds) provide exciting data on sea ice distribution. Analysis of digital tapes of satellite data requires the archiving and scanning of huge amounts of data. Simple methods for extracting quantitative data from satellite images are described. La télédétection de neige et de glace Résumé. La surveillance de neige et déglace sur la surface de la Terre nécessitera l'utilisation croissante des techniques de télédétection par satellites. Ces techniques s'élaborent de plus en plus vite. On décrit les détecteurs actifs et passifs opérant dans les fréquences visibles, presque infrarouges, infrarouges thermi-ques et microondes par rapport à des applications générales et par rapport à de spécifiques satellites des Etats Unis ou de l'URSS. Des satellites météorologiques (des images fréquentes de résolution assez crue) et des satellites qui mettent en surveillance les ressources terrestrielles tels que Landsat (des images moins fréquentes de résolution plus nette) ont été utilisés pour surveiller l'étendue de la zone de neige saisonnière, mais il y a encore des problèmes quand il s'agit de la converture des nuages ou des dômes des forêts épaisses. On peut mesurer la masse de neige (l'équivalent en eau) d'un avion qui vole à basse altitude en utilisant la radioactivité naturelle, mais jusqu'ici on …
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